It is important that you learn to recognize well constructed arguments in the materials you read and in what you write. Any claims that you make must be supported by scholarly theory and/or observable fact. You should not put the reader in a position to assume or infer anything about the point that you are making.
What do we mean by scholarly theory? This is where you will cite the work of a qualified researcher which shows that there is a connection between the claim that you are making and observable facts or data. Theories explain (or try to explain) the "Why." Why does this happen? Why this person? Why this action? Why is this the state of the world or society? Theories themselves are based on research, so we are essentially taking a shortcut thanks to the work of other scholars. We don't need to go back and prove EVERYTHING all over again. We can just focus on our current claims.
Here is a very simple example:
Claim- More car break-ins occur in neighborhoods with street or driveway parking than in neighborhoods where most houses have attached garages because street and driveway parking provides the right conditions for crimes of opportunity.
Data- From 2015-2020 there were X number of car break-ins in Neighborhood 1 which has predominantly street or driveway parking. During the same time period there were Y fewer number of car break-ins in Neighborhood 2 where most houses have attached garages.
DON'T STOP THERE
It is tempting to feel like you have made your argument just with the information above. It seems like common sense right? However, you really haven't supported your argument because you haven't explained and cited research regarding what the conditions are for crimes of opportunity and why street parking meets these conditions. In other words, you need to explain why the data (or observation) means what you claim that it means.
In the Toulmin method of building an argument this is called the "warrant," but you could also call it theory or established research.
So adding in the theory, your argument would look something like this:
Claim- More car break-ins occur in neighborhoods with street or driveway parking than in neighborhoods with garages because street and driveway parking provides the right conditions for crimes of opportunity.
Data- From 2015-2020 there were X number of car break-ins in Neighborhood 1 which has predominantly street or driveway parking. During the same time period there were Y fewer number of car break-ins in Neighborhood 2 where most houses have attached garages (remember you need a citation for the source of your statistics).
Warrant/Theory- The routine activity theory identifies four factors associated with crimes of opportunity: value of the item, size of the item, the item catching the offender's attention by being casually visible, and the offender having easy access to the item (you need a citation from research or another reliable source that establishes the routine activity theory as accepted in criminology).
Conclusion- Cars parked on the street may have small, high value items accidentally left out in the open where they are easily visible to potential offenders who only need to break a window to grab the item and escape. In neighborhoods where most residents have garages, cars are a more likely to be in secured areas where tempting small items are not visible and entry and escape are more challenging.
In reality, there are many other conditions and theories that might explain why one area experiences more crime or more of a particular type of crime. This is just to give you an idea of how you might structure an argument.
The value here is that I can clearly see your train of thought and I can go back and look at the sources you used to replicate your logic. I might not agree with it, and frequently scholars don't agree with each other or they think that the claim is only partially true. That is part of the process of building knowledge. If I wanted to disagree with you, I have an idea of where your logic might be flawed or incomplete and how I can add more nuance to your claim with my own research or come up with a counter-claim.
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association by American Psychological Association The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is the official source for APA Style. With millions of copies sold worldwide in multiple languages, it is the style manual of choice for writers, researchers, editors, students, and educators in the social and behavioral sciences, natural sciences, nursing, communications, education, business, engineering, and other fields. Known for its authoritative, easy-to-use reference and citation system, the Publication Manual also offers guidance on choosing the headings, tables, figures, language, and tone that will result in powerful, concise, and elegant scholarly communication. It guides users through the scholarly writing process--from the ethics of authorship to reporting research through publication. The seventh edition is an indispensable resource for students and professionals to achieve excellence in writing and make an impact with their work. The seventh edition has been thoroughly revised and updated to reflect best practices in scholarly writing and publishing. All formats are in full color, with a new tabbed spiral version Improved ease of navigation, with many additional numbered sections to help users quickly locate answers to their questions Resources for students on writing and formatting annotated bibliographies, response papers, and other paper types as well as guidelines on citing course materials Dedicated chapter for new users of APA Style covering paper elements and format, including sample papers for both professional authors and student writers New chapter on journal article reporting standards that includes updates to reporting standards for quantitative research and the first-ever qualitative and mixed methods reporting standards in APA Style New chapter on bias-free language guidelines for writing about people with respect and inclusivity in areas including age, disability, gender, participation in research, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality More than 100 new reference examples covering periodicals, books, audiovisual media, social media, webpages and websites, and legal resources More than 40 new sample tables and figures Expanded guidance on ethical writing and publishing practices, including how to ensure the appropriate level of citation, avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism, and navigate the publication process Guidelines that support accessibility for all users, including simplified reference, in-text citation, and heading formats as well as additional font options
ISBN: 9781433832161 Publication Date: 2019-10-01Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Vol. Number(Issue Number), Pages. DOI
Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy and analytic therapy in trauma treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 482-488. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year, Month Day). Web page title. URL
Cain, A., & Buris, M. (1999, April). Investigation of the use of mobile phone while driving. http://www.cutr.eng.usf.edu/its/mobile_phone_txt.htm
Author, A. A. (Year). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Burke, P. (2017). Exiles and expatriates in the history of knowledge, 1500-2000. Brandeis University Press.
There are many ways to manage your citations. If you only need a few sources it may be easier for you to just use a spreadsheet, notes document, index cards, or other manual form of citation management. Citation management it all about what help YOU to maintain your academic integrity- not about what is the most technologically advanced tool.
On the other hand, if you are struggling to keep your sources straight, are working on a group project, or want an all-in-one tool to make notes, tag your sources, and export your citations into a chosen format you might try a citation management tool called Zotero. This tool is open source and free for most users (you will need to pay a small fee if you are storing a very large number of sources). You can link it to your personal e-mail account so that you can continue using it after you graduate.
No matter what method you use always remember to double check the accuracy of your citations.