We use apostrophe s (’s), also called possessive ’s, as a determiner to show that something belongs to someone or something:
Britain ’s coastline is very beautiful.
We can also use it in complex noun phrases (underlined):
We can use two possessive ’s constructions in the same noun phrase:
We went to Jake’s father’s funeral.
We also use possessive ’s to talk about time and duration:
I’ve only had one week’s holiday so far this year.
We use ’s after a singular noun and ’ after a plural noun.
singular noun + ’s
The girl’s bedroom
(The bedroom belongs to one girl.)
The girls’ bedroom.
(The bedroom belongs to more than one girl.)
We use ’s with irregular plural nouns (e.g. children, men, people, women):
The children’s parents decided which university they would go to.
They have no respect for other people’s property.
The rules for the pronunciation of a noun with ’s are the same as the rules for pronunciation of plural forms of nouns.
noun + ’s or ’
The cat’s dinner is in the fridge.
The cats were running around the garden.
The kids’ uncle gave them all some money.
The kids are getting impatient.
There are three Georges in my family.
When a first or second name ends in -s, we can either add ’ or ’s. It is more common to use ’ than ’s. When we speak, we usually pronounce the final part of the word as /zɪz/ or /sɪz/ :
Is that James ’ car? (or Is that James ’s car?) (both usually pronounced /ˈdʒeɪmzɪz/ )
I love Keats’ poetry. (or I love Keats’s poetry.) (both usually pronounced /ˈki:tsɪz/ )
With compound nouns, we add ’s to the final noun:
My sister-in-law’s friend came with us.
We don’t usually use the possessive ’s with things:
Spoken English:When we talk about places which are familiar to the speaker and the listener, we sometimes don’t use the noun after possessive ’s:
the hairdresser’s salon – the hairdresser’s
the doctor’s surgery – the doctor’s
We had to take our cat to the vet’s twice last month. (the same as: We had to take our cat to the vet’s clinic twice last month.)
Do you shop in Marks and Spencer’s ?
We decided to go to John’s after the cinema. (the same as: We decided to go to John’s house after the cinema.)
In short answers, we can omit the noun if it is not necessary to repeat it:
Is that your coat?
No, it’s Sandra’s .
We use possessive ’s with words such as one, anyone, someone, anybody, somebody:
It’s important to know one’s rights as a tenant.
When we use else with these words, the ’s is added to else:
Why didn’t you come? Everyone else’s husband was there.
The pronoun other has the same forms as nouns. We add ’s to the singular form, and we add an apostrophe after the plural -s ending in the plural form:
They took each other’s hand and started walking.
All of our luggage arrived but the others’ cases didn’t. The airline promise they will be here this evening.
We don’t use ’s with possessive pronouns:
I think that car is theirs .
Not: I think that car is theirs’
We don’t use ’s with the possessive determiner its. It’s means ‘it is’:
The city is proud of its parks.
Not: The city is proud of it’s parks .
We can talk about possession using the pattern: noun phrase + of + possessive pronoun:
A friend of mine told me that all of the tickets have already sold out.
Where’s Martin?
He’s gone to pick up a cousin of his at the station.
Is Linda McGrath a close friend of yours?
We use a possessive pronoun, not the object form of the pronoun:
A neighbour of mine called late last night.
We can also use the noun phrase + of pattern before a noun phrase with possessive ’s:
A friend of my sister’s has opened a café on Dawson Street.
She was a daughter of the President’s.
There are some general rules about when to use ’s and when to use of but there are many cases where both are possible:
The film’s hero or The hero of the film
The car’s safety record or The safety record of the car
The report’s conclusion or The conclusion of the report
Sometimes when we first mention a noun, we use of, and later when we refer to it again, we use ’s:
The mountains of Pakistan are mostly in the north. At least one hundred of them are above 7,000 metres … Most of Pakistan’s mountains are in the spectacular Karakoram range.
We don’t use ’s when the noun is not a person, animal, country, organisation, etc., or when the noun phrase is very long:
The name of the ship was ‘Wonder Queen’. (preferred to The ship’s name was ‘Wonder Queen’.)
The house of the oldest woman in the village . (preferred to The oldest woman in the village’s house.)
When we are talking about things that belong to us, relationships and characteristics of people, animals, countries, categories, groups or organisations made up of people, we usually use ’s:
The men’s dressing room is on the left at the end of the corridor.
Not: The dressing room of the men …
It’s my responsibility to deal with customers’ complaints.
Not: … to deal with customers's complaints .
We bought this car because we liked its colour.
Not: … because we liked it’s colour .
They had to rebuild the roads after the earthquake.
Not: They had to rebuild the road’s …